[139]:19, The martial art of muay Lao, the national sport,[180] is a form of kickboxing similar to Thailand's muay Thai, Burmese Lethwei and Cambodian Pradal Serey. [citation needed], The Lao government controls all media channels to prevent critique of its actions. In response, the United States initiated a bombing campaign against the PAVN positions, supported regular and irregular anti-communist forces in Laos, and supported Army of the Republic of Vietnam incursions into Laos. ), total: 31.8% (2020 est. Since the founding of the Lao PDR in 1975, very few films have been made in Laos. Ratio is 2:3. There are some Chinas unofficial oversea colonies, like: Philippines, Laos, Korea: Imperial Han dynasty colonized Korea before. Then go to the Tang dynasty and later the Mongol Yuan. Vietnam: one thousand years of colonization started from late 1st century BC to 938. Ming reconquered the nation at 1407 to 1427. Tibet. Xinjiang. ), unexploded ordnance; deforestation; soil erosion; loss of biodiversity; water pollution, most of the population does not have access to potable water, party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands, Whalingsigned, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements, particulate matter emissions: 24.49 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est. [19] In English, the 's' is pronounced, and not silent. By submitting this form, I am giving express written consent to receive emails, text messages, OTT app messages (e.g., WhatsApp messages), and/or telephone calls including mobile from or on behalf of Academy of Art University at the phone number (s) I provided using automated technology. Fa Ngum, also spelled Fa Ngoun, (born 1316died 1374), founder and first king of the Lao kingdom of Lan Xang who created the first unified state of the Lao people. Where is the Lao royal family? WikiMatrix In spite of war in this tiny landlocked kingdom of Laos, the angel flying in midheaven keeps the door open for the message of the Kingdom to be sounded. On December 15, 1946, in the face of guerrilla raids from across the Mekong, forty-four delegates to the Kingdom of Laos's first popularly elected )government consumption: 14.1% (2017 est. The exhibition depicts a complete collection of the stamps and souvenir sheets issued by the Kingdom of Laos from 1951 to 1975 with thematic descriptions emphasize on Lao culture, tradition and history. )subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 2 (2020 est. [140], Laos has made particularly noteworthy progress increasing access to sanitation. [129], In 2018, the country ranked 139th on the Human Development Index (HDI), indicating medium development. WebThe country was governed as a constitutional monarchy that ruled Laos beginning with its independence on 9 November 1953. )crude oil estimated reserves: 0 barrels (2021 est. )from coal and metallurgical coke: 37.871 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est. )investment in fixed capital: 30.9% (2017 est. The Laos Government carried out resettlement programs between the mid-1980s and mid-1990s to relocate ethnic minority groups from the rural northern highlands to development areas in the lowlands ostensibly to alleviate poverty, make basic services more accessible, eliminate slash-and-burn agriculture and opium production, integrate ethnic minorities, and control rebel groups (including Hmong insurgents). For many, however, resettlement has exacerbated poverty, led to the loss of livelihoods, and increased food insecurity and mortality rates. As the resettlement programs started to wane in the second half of the 1990s, migration from the northern highlands to urban centers chiefly the capital Vientiane to pursue better jobs in the growing manufacturing and service sectors became the main type of relocation. Migration of villagers from the south seeking work in neighboring Thailand also increased. Thailand is the main international migration destination for Laotians because of the greater availability of jobs and higher pay than at home; nearly a million Laotian migrants were estimated to live in Thailand as of 2015. [114][115][116], The Lao economy depends on investment and trade with its neighbours, Thailand, Vietnam, and, especially in the north, China. ), $7,800 (2021 est. )8,244.843 (2017 est. According to independent non-profit/non-governmental organisations (NGOs) such as Amnesty International,[104] Human Rights Watch,[105] and Civil Rights Defenders,[106] along with the US State Department,[107] serious human rights violations such as arbitrary detentions, disappearances, free speech restrictions, prison abuses and other violations are an ongoing problem. )transmission/distribution losses: 2.262 billion kWh (2019 est. ), 40.726 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est. Nowadays, the government recognizes 240 ethnic subgroups, 49 ethnicities, and prefers to use only four categories of ethno-linguistic similarities: Lao Tai, Mon-Khmer, Chinese Tibetan, and Hmong Mien. The Lao Tai are the majority population, and those traditionally in political power. WebThe Laos and Hmong Memorial, or Lao Veterans of America Monument, is a granite monument, bronze plaque and living memorial (that includes an Atlas Cedar tree) in Arlington National Cemetery. The khaen traditionally accompanied the singer in mor lam, the dominant style of folk music. Laos can be considered to consist of three geographical areas: north, central, and south. The national basketball team competed at the 2017 Southeast Asian Games where it beat Myanmar in the eighth place game. [61] According to the October 2007 UNODC fact book Opium Poppy Cultivation in South East Asia, the poppy cultivation area was 15 square kilometres (5.8sqmi), down from 18 square kilometres (6.9sqmi) in 2006. Laos gained Normal Trade Relations status with the US in 2004 and applied for Generalized System of Preferences trade benefits in 2013 after being admitted to the World Trade Organization earlier in the year. [54][55], The conflict between Hmong rebels and Laos continued in key areas of Laos, including in Saysaboune Closed Military Zone, Xaisamboune Closed Military Zone near Vientiane Province and Xiangkhouang Province. )8,401.335 (2018 est. Calculating U.S. In 2009, despite the fact that the government is still officially communist, the Obama administration in the US declared Laos was no longer a MarxistLeninist state and lifted bans on Laotian companies receiving financing from the US Export-Import Bank.[117][118]. [145], In the central and southern mountains, Mon-Khmer-speaking groups, known as Lao Theung or mid-slope Laotians, predominate. [95], Human rights violations remain a significant concern in Laos. WebThe Lao people, the predominant ethnic group in present-day Laos, are a branch of the Tai peoples who by the 8th century ce had established a powerful kingdom, Nanzhao, in Usually called Laos . ), degree of risk: very high (2020)food or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fevervectorborne diseases: dengue fever and malaria, total: 8.15 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est. Shop with confidence. His ministers, unable to tolerate his ruthlessness, forced him into exile to the present-day Thai province of Nan in 1373,[31] where he died. [81] Debate on the issue escalated quickly. WebThe Kingdom of Laos is a Puppet State of Japan located west of the Imperial State of Vietnam, North of the Kingdom of Cambodia, West of the Kingdom of Siam and South WebProtectorate flag of Kingdom of Laos. The organisation estimates that there are 173,800 French speakers in Laos (2010 est.). [45] The Japanese attempted to force Sisavang Vong (the King of Luang Phrabang) to declare Laotian independence, but on 8 April he instead simply declared an end to Laos's status as a French protectorate. Collectively, they are known as Lao Soung or highland Laotians. Additionally, the Khao San Pathet Lao, the country's official news agency, publishes English and French versions of its eponymous paper. )subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 56 (2020 est. In 2010, one in every 11 jobs was in the tourism sector. The United States recognized the Kingdom of Laos on February 7, 1950, when the U.S. Department of State made an For example, Article 8 makes it clear that Laos is a multinational state and is committed to equality between ethnic groups. After talks with the UNHCR and the Thai government, Laos agreed to repatriate the 60,000 Lao refugees living in Thailand, including several thousand Hmong people. [141] The authorities in Laos have recently developed an innovative regulatory framework for publicprivate partnership contracts signed with small enterprises, in parallel with more conventional regulation of state-owned water enterprises. ), 1.26% (2021 est. Laos (/los/ (listen)[9][d]), officially the Lao People's Democratic Republic (Lao: , French: Rpublique dmocratique populaire lao), is a socialist state and the only landlocked country in Southeast Asia. )$1.111 billion (31 December 2019 est. On September 1, 1945, the Kingdom of Laos was confirmed [2] as an independent kingdom under Japanese protection. Recently, the country has faced a persistent current account deficit, falling foreign currency reserves, and growing public debt. The Franco-Siamese Treaty of 1907 defined the current Lao border with Thailand. [citation needed], Laos's emergence from international isolation has been marked through improved and expanded relations with other countries including Russia, China, Thailand, Australia, Germany, Italy, Japan and Switzerland. Laos's first French-written and monarchical constitution was promulgated on 11 May 1947, and declared Laos an independent state within the French Union. Fitch rating: CCC (2020)Moody's rating: Caa2 (2020)note: The year refers to the year in which the current credit rating was first obtained. Between 20,000 and 62,000 Laotians died during the civil war. [182] Its national football team is a member of the Asian Football Confederation and of the ASEAN Football Federation. [24], An ancient human skull was recovered in 2009 from the Tam Pa Ling Cave in the Annamite Mountains in northern Laos; the skull is at least 46,000 years old, making it the oldest modern human fossil found to date in Southeast Asia. [176][177], Polygamy is officially a crime in Laos, though the penalty is minor. Web3 Headed Elephant Design Style Original Kingdom of Laos Flag T-Shirt 4.8 (5) $1999 FREE delivery Thu, Jan 5 on $25 of items shipped by Amazon Amazon Merch on Demand +9 colors/patterns Lao Designs by RespekDis Sabaidee Laos and Thai Greeting | Lao writing gift T-Shirt 5.0 (1) $1695 FREE delivery Thu, Jan 5 on $25 of items shipped by [113] A number of citizens, primarily women and girls from all ethnic groups and foreigners, have been victims of sex trafficking in Laos. Lao (official), French, English, various ethnic languagesmajor-language sample(s): (Lao)The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information. Laos's first expressway, the VientianeBoten Expressway, parallels both Route 13 and the BotenVientiane railway; the first section from Vientiane to Vang Vieng was opened in 2020, with other sections under construction. and Yurnaidi, Z., 2020. [169][170] In September 2017, Laos submitted Dearest Sister (Lao: ), Mattie Do's second feature film, to the 90th Academy Awards (or the Oscars) for consideration for Best Foreign Language Film, marking the country's first submission for the Oscars. )methane emissions: 9 megatons (2020 est. The mining industry of Laos has received prominent attention with foreign direct investments. [citation needed], Massive aerial bombardments against the PAVN/Pathet Lao forces were carried out by the United States to prevent the collapse of the Kingdom of Laos central government, and to deny the use of the Ho Chi Minh Trail to attack US forces in South Vietnam. )industrial: 170 million cubic meters (2017 est. [47] Between 1964 and 1973, the US dropped two million tons of bombs on Laos, nearly equal to the 2.1million tons of bombs the US dropped on Europe and Asia during all of World War II, making Laos the most heavily bombed country in history relative to the size of its population; The New York Times notes this was "nearly a ton for every person in Laos". Settathirath disappeared in the mountains on his way back from a military expedition into Cambodia, and Lan Xang fell into more than seventy years of instability, involving both Burmese invasion and civil war. [65] Provinces are further divided into districts (muang) and then villages (ban). [185], This article is about the country in Southeast Asia. Recognised asylum seekers were given resettlement opportunities, while the remaining refugees were to be repatriated under guarantee of safety. )hydroelectricity: 64.1% of total installed capacity (2020 est. Archaeological evidence suggests an agriculturi A post-independence civil war began, which saw the communist resistance, supported by the Soviet Union, fight against the monarchy that later came under influence of military regimes supported by the United States. They were the indigenous inhabitants of northern Laos. [13] After a period of internal conflict, Lan Xang broke into three separate kingdoms: Luang Phrabang, Vientiane and Champasak. For 300 years Lan Xang had influence reaching into present-day Cambodia and Thailand, as well as over all of what is now Laos. [63], Laos is divided into 17 provinces (khoueng) and one prefecture (kampheng nakhon), which includes the capital city Vientiane (Nakhon Louang Viangchan). [35] Anouvong was taken to Bangkok as a prisoner, where he died. )exports: 235,000 metric tons (2020 est. )8,679.409 (2019 est. )$56.543 billion (2019 est. Stone artefacts including Hoabinhian types have been found at sites dating to the Late Pleistocene in northern Laos. More than half of the nation's population is ethnic Laothe principal lowland inhabitants, and the politically and culturally dominant people of Laos. Have one to sell? )spirits: 4.46 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est. )from consumed natural gas: 0 metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est. The constitution and Family Code bar the legal recognition of polygamous marriages, stipulating that monogamy is the principal form of marriage in the country. (approximately $120 million)0.2% of GDP (2018 est.) [72], On 17 May 2014, Defence Minister and Deputy Prime Minister Douangchay Phichit was killed in a plane crash, along with other top ranking officials. Lan Xang became an important trade centre during Samsenthai's reign, but after his death in 1421 it collapsed into warring factions for nearly a century. Layers of Chinese Loanwords in Proto-Southwestern Tai as Evidence for the Dating of the Spread of Southwestern Tai, "Let's hope Laos hangs on to its identity", "Slavery in Nineteenth-Century Northern Thailand: Archival Anecdotes and Village Voices", Creating Laos: The Making of a Lao Space Between Indochina and Siam, 18601945, "Laos Encyclopdia Britannica Overview", "Making More Enemies than We Kill? Laos' economy is heavily dependent on capital-intensive natural resource exports. Karen J, "House Panel Hears Concerns About Hmong", States News Service, 26 April 1994. ASEAN Centre for Energy (ACE) Policy Brief Series, No 7. After the Vietnam War ended in 1975, the communist Pathet Lao came to power, ending the civil war. According to linguistic and other historical evidence, Tai-speaking tribes migrated southwestward to the modern territories of Laos and Thailand from Guangxi sometime between the 8th and 10th centuries. [127] Of the potential capacity of approximately 18,000 megawatts, around 8,000 megawatts have been committed for export to Thailand and Vietnam. Between 1995 and 2008 approximately 1,232,900 more people had access to improved sanitation in rural areas. ", "Laos Deputy PM Douangchay Phichit dies in plane crash", "Laos plane crash kills defence minister and senior officials", "Lao Defense Chief Among Plane Crash Victims", "Hmong Leader's Vanishing In Laos Reverberates in U.S.", Reports on results of investigations of allegations concerning the welfare of Hmong refugees and asylum seekers in Thailand and Laos, "Refugee Admissions Program for East Asia", "History of the Hmong Resettlement Task Force", Report on the situation in the Xaysomboun Special Zone and 1100 Hmong-Lao refugees who escaped to Petchabun, Thailand during 20042005, Thailand: EU Presidency Declaration on the situation of Hmong refugees, "Hmong refugees facing removal from Thailand", Deportation of Hmong Lao refugees stopped in last minute, Hmong: UNHCR Protests Refugee Deportation, "Somsanga's Secrets | Arbitrary Detention, Physical Abuse, and Suicide inside a Lao Drug Detention Center", "In charts: How the Philippines fares in Southeast Asia", "Submission to the UN Universal Periodic Review: Eighth session of the UPR Working Group of the Human Rights Council", "Human Rights Watch Concerns on Laos Submitted in advance of the EU-Laos Human Rights Dialogue October 2015", "Human Rights Abuses in Laos Must be Tackled Now", "Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2016", "Free former student leaders arbitrarily detained for 17 years", "Amnesty International Report 2016/17: Laos", "Laos, Vietnam troops kill Hmong Christians", "Laos, Vietnam troops kill four Hmong Christians: NGO", "Two teenagers rescued from forced prostitution in Laos", "Chinese marriage proposals become prostitution nightmares for some Lao girls", "Communism and Capitalism Are Mixing in Laos", https://www.researchgate.net/publication/341793965, "Preparing the Cumulative Impact Assessment for the Nam Ngum 3 Hydropower Project: Financed by the Japan Special Fund", "Briefing note for countries on the 2015 Human Development Report Laos", International Food Policy Research Institute, "UN expert: Lao PDR's economic strategy entrenches poverty", Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, European Council On Tourism And Trade Delegation Visit To Laos-World Best Tourist Destination European Council On Tourism And Trade, "The Lao People's Democratic Republic's Vision for Ecotourism", "China's BRI and its High-Speed Railways to Nowhere", "Focales n 8. [47], The foreign relations of Laos after the takeover by the Pathet Lao in December 1975 were characterised by a hostile posture toward the West, with the government of the Lao PDR aligning itself with the Soviet Bloc, maintaining close ties with the Soviet Union and depending heavily on the Soviets for most of its foreign assistance. There are many traditions and rituals associated with rice production in different environments and among many ethnic groups. [68] Laos also maintained a "special relationship" with Vietnam and formalised a 1977 treaty of friendship and cooperation that created tensions with China. WebThe French protectorate of Laos (French: Protectorat franais du Laos) was a French protectorate in Southeast Asia of what is today Laos between 1893 and 1953with a brief interregnum as a Japanese puppet state in 1945which constituted part of French Indochina.It was established over the Siamese vassal, the Kingdom of Luang Prabang, Present-day Laos traces its historic and cultural identity to Lan Xang, which existed from the 13th century to the 18th century as one of the largest kingdoms in Southeast Asia. Export earnings from international visitors and tourism goods are expected to generate 16% of total exports or US$270.3million in 2010, growing in nominal terms to US$484.2million (12.5% of the total) in 2020. (approximately $95 million)0.2% of GDP (2015 est.) The national carrier is Lao Airlines. ), Laos is a predominantly rural country with a youthful population almost 55% of the population is under the age of 25. Its progress on health and development issues has been uneven geographically, among ethnic groups, and socioeconomically. Laos has made headway in poverty reduction, with the poverty rate almost halving from 46% in 1992/93 to 22% in 2012/13. Nevertheless, pronounced rural-urban disparities persist, and income inequality is rising. Poverty most affects populations in rural and highland areas, particularly ethnic minority groups., The total fertility rate (TFR) has decreased markedly from around 6 births per woman on average in 1990 to approximately 2.8 in 2016, but it is still one of the highest in Southeast Asia. In a 23 October 1995 National Review article, Michael Johns, the former Heritage Foundation foreign policy expert and Republican White House aide, labelled the Hmong's repatriation a Clinton administration "betrayal", describing the Hmong as a people "who have spilled their blood in defense of American geopolitical interests". 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